![]() ![]() Rutherford proposed that instead of being static, the electrons revolve around the central mass and charge of the atom like planets revolving around the sun. This experiment implied that the gold foil was mostly hollow at the atomic level and that there were smaller, but bigger solid particles at the centre. Meanwhile, some were deflected and others bounced back.Most particles passed through and hit the detector on the other side of the foil.Rutherford bombarded a piece of gold foil with a beam of alpha particles.He deduced this from his famous gold foil experiment. Instead of the positive charge being evenly distributed, as Thomson theorised, Rutherford discovered that it was concentrated in the centre of the atom, while the negative charge was more spread out. As a result of this revelation, the plum pudding model had to be abandoned and a new model of the atom was born. This made it clear that the atom could be further divided into subatomic particles that included more than just electrons. ![]() The latter are either positrons or electrons, while the former are the positively charged nuclei of helium. Rutherford’s Atomic Modelīy 1911, after years of research and experiments on radioactive elements, New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha and beta particles. However, Thomson’s plum pudding model ultimately failed because of its inability to explain several observations, like the stability of an atom, or the distribution of positive and negative particles. Since atoms have neutral charges, he deduced that an equal positive charge provides balance. Thomson surmised that an atom must be composed of negatively charged particles that are embedded on a uniform sphere of positively charged matter. Electrons can also easily be diverted using magnets, and, based on this fact, their mass was computed to be almost zero. The discovery of electrons showed that these subatomic particles can traverse a vacuum without any conducting materials, like metal wires or air. In 1897, Thomson discovered that the atoms of metals, like tungsten, that he sealed inside a vacuum tube emit negatively-charged particles when an electric current is applied to them. This became popularly known as the plum pudding model. Thomson, proposed an improved model of the atom that was based on his experiments with cathode ray tubes. In 1904, Sir Joseph John Thomson, known as J.J. Thomson discovered the first subatomic particle: the electron. The most notable was his assertion that atoms were indivisible. Though revolutionary for its time, there were a few issues with Dalton’s atomic theory.
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